Ethical Hacking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethical Hacking - Essay Example Even mundane day to day tasks rely on the use of computers. Technology is evolving at an unprecedented rate and as a result the products that reach the market are engineered more for ease of use rather than secure computing. With the increased numbers and expanding knowledge of ill-intentioned crackers, combined with the growing number of system vulnerabilities and other unknowns, organizations (universities, corporate companies, NGOs, hospitals etc) need to be more proactive in securing their sensitive networks and data. More and more companies now believe in the quote: "To catch a thief, think like a thief" and hiring ethical hackers to ensure information system security. For a long time, the term Ethical Hacking has been termed to be an oxymoron. This is mainly because of the misappropriate information imparted by misinformed or more appropriately, 'lesser informed' people. Since a long time, zealous and intelligent information system professionals who can get around a computer issue through innovation have categorized themselves into two categories: Black Hat Society (Crackers) and White Hat Society (Hackers).

Samsung Group Essay Example for Free

Samsung Group Essay The name â€Å"Samsung† according to the founder of the group Lee Byung Chull a migrant of a large land owning family in Uiryeong county to a city called Daegu where he founded Samsung Sanghoe explained that it means â€Å"tristars† or â€Å"three stars†; the word â€Å"three† represents something big, numerous and powerful. The â€Å"stars† represent â€Å"eternity†. Samsung has undergone lots transformation before being the giant Samsung it is today and it has proven to withstand the test of time where most Asian companies have dissolved during the Asian financial crisis. Its first product was a black-and-white television set. In the 50’s, when the Korean War broke out; Lee was forced to leave Seoul and start a sugar refinery in Busan[-gt;1] named Cheil Jedang[-gt;2]. After the war, in 1954, Lee founded Cheil Mojik and built the plant in Chimsan-dong, Daegu. It was the largest woollen mill ever in the country and the company took on the aspect of a major company. After the founders death in 1987, Samsung Group was separated into four business groups – Samsung Group, Shinsegae Group, CJ Group and Hansol Group. Shinsegae (discount store, department store) was originally part of Samsung Group, separated in the 1990s from the Samsung Group along with CJ Group (Food/Chemicals/Entertainment/logistics) and the Hansol Group (Paper/Telecom). Today these separated groups are independent and they are not part of or connected to the Samsung Group. In the 1980s, Samsung Electronics began to invest heavily in research and development, investments that were pivotal in pushing the company to the forefront of the global electronics industry. Our main purpose in this section is to declare what kind of tools we are going to use to analyze the competitive advantage of one of Samsung Group’s subsidiaries – Samsung Electronics. Any company in the business world would want to maintain and achieve competitive advantage if it intends to really survive the scheme of its rivals. One of these ways is to conduct a strategic analysis of the company. This enables us to adjust and monitor the position of the company, exploit new opportunities, and prepare for rainy days. There is one way of doing that- conducting a strategic evaluation of the company. According to Peter Drucker â€Å"unless strategy evaluation is performed seriously and systematically, and unless strategists are willing to act on the results, energy will be used up defending yesterday. No one will have the time, resources, or will to work on exploiting today, let alone to work on making tomorrow†. In other words, strategic evaluation gives the company a feel of or connection to the business environment it is operating in. Strategic evaluation is vital to the organization’s well being. Strategic evaluation includes three basic activities: examining the underlying basis of a firm’s strategy, comparing expected results with actual results, and taking corrective actions to ensure that performance conforms to plans. Samsung Electronics is the worlds largest mobile phone maker[-gt;8] by 2011 unit sales and worlds second-largest semiconductor chip maker[-;gt;9] by 2011 revenues (after Intel Corporation[-;gt;10]). It has been the worlds largest television manufacturer[-gt;11] since 2006 and the worlds largest maker of LCD panels for eight consecutive years. It has the largest market share worldwide in memory chips[-;gt;12]. The company is the worlds largest vendor of smart phones[-gt;13] since 2011. Samsung has also established a prominent position in the tablet computer[-gt;14] market, with the release of the Android[-gt;15]-powered Samsung Galaxy Tab[-gt;16]. This section of the paper is meant to access and assess the strategies they have been applying since their existence and to advise them on the strategic options available to them now and in the future. In this paper we would use the following analyses: SWOT analyses, PEST analyses, Porter’s Five Forces, Strategic Group and the VRIO model analyses. SWOT is the acronym for strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats surrounding the business in its environment. In other words, it guides you to identify the positives and negatives inside and outside your organization. SWOT analysis is the most renowned tool for audit and analysis of the overall strategic position of the business and its environment. Its key purpose is to identify the strategies that will create a firm specific business model that will best align an organization’s resources and capabilities to the requirements of the environment in which the firm operates. In other words, it is the foundation for evaluating the internal potential and limitations and the likely opportunities and threats from the external environment. The strength and weaknesses give you an insight of your internal advantages relative to other companies and disadvantages relative to other companies, in other words, it measures the competitive advantage. They are usually the factors that you have control over. The opportunities and threats are considered to be the external factors that you have no control over; it could be technological change, legislation, socio-cultural change, etc. The opportunities and threats give you an insight of the factors that the organization can exploit to it advantages and the factors that could cause trouble for the business. Pestel is an acronym for political, economical, social, technological, environmental and legal analysis. It describes a framework of macro-environmental factors used in the environmental scanning component of strategic management.  ·Political factors are basically to what degree the government intervenes in the economy.

The Beanie Baby Craze :: Beanie Babies Obsession Essays

The Beanie Baby Craze â€Å"When you have something intended as innocent fun for children, you can count on adults to turn it into an obsessive, grotesquely over commercialized ‘hobby’† It all started with Cabbage Patch Kids, parents paying top dollar for those plastic headed and not so cute dolls. The next big wave to hit was the Tickle Me Elmo a character from Sesame Street, who you could squeeze and it would laugh and jiggle. And now we are in the midst of a tidal wave, that’s right, the Beanie Baby Craze. These small bean bag animals, which were first produced in 1994 by the Illinois based Ty Co., are a huge hit with children and adults alike. People of the Beanie Baby movement will go to great extremes, and pay an obscene amount of money for one of these small animals, taking this â€Å"hobby† past the line into absurdity. A couple years ago when I was at a BBQ picnic, a little girl came up to me and tossed me a fish beanie baby, having never seen or heard of them I looked it over for a bit, then I lobbed it back to her and she ran off throwing it up in the air and dropping it each time. At that time I would never have thought that people would go mad over them. I feel a certain obligation to shed some light on the strange even ridiculous behavior that some of you display while partaking in this madness. For instance, there have been stories of people following the UPS deliverers around town to see which store will be getting the latest beanie babies. When they do find a store that carries the new ones usually others have also, creating a mad rush to get the one that they want. Children have had these toys snatched right out of their little hands in this frenzy, arguments even fights have erupted. Some of you Beanie Baby followers will even try deception to get as many of them as they can. A clerk at a toy store recounts a day when they had received a big shipment of new beanie babies. To be fair, a three Beanie limit had been established. One customer had bought her three, went home changed clothes, put on make-up, and changed her hairdo and went back to get three more.

Julius Caesar - Mark Antony Essay -- essays research papers

Mark Antony   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is human nature to change one’s personality to fit the situation. People behave differently when speaking to a dignitary that when talking to a friend. Over time one can change due to a loss or gain of power, sometimes for the better or worse. In Julius Caesar, for example, Mark Antony goes through several changes. Mark Antony loved Julius Caesar, yet when he passed away Mark Antony swears vengeance, and ultimately is corrupted by the power of running a country.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At the beginning of the play Antony is harmless and extremely loyal to Julius Caesar. Mark Antony is about to run a race, but â€Å"When Caesar says ‘Do this,’ it is performed.† It is almost as if Mark Antony is only a puppet to Julius Caesar. He is being respectful of his leader, yet it seems as if he is fearful of him. While Caesar does not realize Mark Antony’s potential, Brutus underestimates him. Brutus refers to Rome as a body and Caesar as the head, yet â€Å"To cut the head off and then hack the limbs† would be killing Mark Antony. If the head of something was shot, there is no need to try to shoot the heart. Julius Caesar is concerned about his well-being, for good reason. Casca has been speaking in low tones and Caesar would â€Å"Have men about me that are fat† because he feels that they can be trusted easier. Caesar trusts Mark Antony as his closest confidant due to the fact that they have been like brothers all their lives.   Ã‚  Ã‚  &... Julius Caesar - Mark Antony Essay -- essays research papers Mark Antony   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is human nature to change one’s personality to fit the situation. People behave differently when speaking to a dignitary that when talking to a friend. Over time one can change due to a loss or gain of power, sometimes for the better or worse. In Julius Caesar, for example, Mark Antony goes through several changes. Mark Antony loved Julius Caesar, yet when he passed away Mark Antony swears vengeance, and ultimately is corrupted by the power of running a country.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At the beginning of the play Antony is harmless and extremely loyal to Julius Caesar. Mark Antony is about to run a race, but â€Å"When Caesar says ‘Do this,’ it is performed.† It is almost as if Mark Antony is only a puppet to Julius Caesar. He is being respectful of his leader, yet it seems as if he is fearful of him. While Caesar does not realize Mark Antony’s potential, Brutus underestimates him. Brutus refers to Rome as a body and Caesar as the head, yet â€Å"To cut the head off and then hack the limbs† would be killing Mark Antony. If the head of something was shot, there is no need to try to shoot the heart. Julius Caesar is concerned about his well-being, for good reason. Casca has been speaking in low tones and Caesar would â€Å"Have men about me that are fat† because he feels that they can be trusted easier. Caesar trusts Mark Antony as his closest confidant due to the fact that they have been like brothers all their lives.   Ã‚  Ã‚  &...

Focus Point Holdings Berhad Essay

FOCUS POINT HOLDINGS BERHAD Introduction This case analyzes the effect of Focus Point Holdings Berhad financial strategy on the firm’s operating activities and financial performance. Focus Point Holdings Berhad is an investment holding company that engages in the operation of professional eye care centers in Malaysia. The company is also involved in the trading of eyewear and eye care products; management of franchised professional eye care centers; provision of medical eye care services; provision of food and beverages services; trading of hearing aid solutions and related accessories; and retail of optical and related products. It operates 175 professional eye care centers under the Focus Point, Focus Point Optical City, Opulence, eyefont, ExcelView, Solariz, and Focus Point Signature brand names, each serving a different market segment. This Malaysian home grown optical store was established in 1989 as Focus Vision Care Center. In 1993, it became a private limited company and in 2010, a public entity. Financial Strategy  With the understanding that the fundamental success of a strategy depends on a realistic internal view of its core competencies and sustainable competitive advantages, the company translated its vision and mission statements to pursue its economic objectives. Vision: To become a leading brand in Asia through our focus approach in vision care Mission: To provide consumers with the best vision care and eyewear services as well as to uphold the highest standards in reliability, quality and profesionalism The company arrived at two major decisions, that is, to go public and to franchise the store. 1 Going Public The company’s decision to go for listing on August 23, 2010 is a financial strategy that raised RM16.07 million of which 8.94 million was channeled into expansion plans and upgrading and refurbishment of the existing eyecare centers. The company pursued the market penetration growth strategy, aimed at increasing market share for existing products or services in existing markets. The focus of growth was on expansion of new outlets, upgrading and refurbishment of existing outlets and expansion of branded eyewear products. Franchising  Franchising enabled the company to improve on its economies of scale due to its size, brand name and experience. At the same time, it provided the company with the key advantage of incremental income with minimal capital expenditure in the setting up of new outlets. Revenue contributed by the franchising model mainly comprises of sales of eyewear and eye care products to their franchises and royalty fees which are based on 5% of gross turnover of the respective franchisee’s outlets, and franchise fees payable by franchisees which amount to RM30,000 for a period of 5 years. The franchise agreements signed between the group and their franchisees are valid for a period of 5 years, with an option to renew for another five years with the same franchise fees of RM30,000 payable over the extended 5 year period. To enhance the success of this strategy, a Memorandum of Collaboration was signed between the company’s management and Permodalan Nasional Berhad to facilitate financing for Bumiputera franchisees. The company also collaborated with Maybank on a similar loan scheme for non-Bumiputera franchisees. 2 Internationalization In the same year as its initial public offering, Focus Point Holdings Berhad began to pursue its overseas expansion by opening its first franchise overseas outlet in Brunei. The company’s internationalization effort accelerated the openings of franchises in other south-east asian countries such as Singapore, Cambodia, Vietnam, Indonesia and Thailand. The first-mover advantage gave the company the edge, especially in highly-populated countries like Vietnam and Cambodia where consumer spending power was increasing in tandem with their growing economies. On the other hand, Singapore’s economy provided an opportunity for the company to venture into high-end market for professional eye-care services. Effect Of Strategy On Operating Activities By going public, the company was able to collaborate with and convince financial institutions and agencies to provide franchising loans to interested franchisees. Access to financing and the strong presence in the nation resulted in an increase in the number of outlets from the pre IPO total of 130 outlets to 136 outlets in 2011. In 2012, the group has 170 outlets in of which 85 are wholly owned outlets and 85 are franchised outlets. The company cordial relationship with local and international principals and the close working relationship with departmental stores had also allowed the group to secure good premises and maintain Focus Point’s leading position in the market. The overseas franchise business is growing with Brunei alone operating 6 franchised outlets. The money raised from IPO that is used for expansion plan and upgrading outlets has helped in efforts to foster greater customer relations. This is vital for long term business sustainability as data indicated an increasing target population. With the median age of the population increasing, it is expected that the number of population with eye disorder will also 3 increase. The global vision care market is expected to grow by 4.4% over the period of 2010 – 2017. Effect Of Strategy On Financial Performance The IPO exercise, financing facilities for franchisees and internationalization have contributed to a higher revenue and better overall financial performance as shown: 4 PBT – Profit before tax PAT – Profit after tax The above financial highlights showed that the financial performance of Focus Point Holdings Berhad is stronger after going public and taking on aggresive marketing activities to generate increased business volumes. However, the group’s venture into the food & beverage (F&B) segment in the last quarter of 2012 has affected the group’s profit, earnings and 5 dividends per share. The investment in the fast growing F&B segment is expected to enhance the group’s revenue stream and profitability in a longer term. Company’s Performance Versus Industry  The overall level of competition among operators in the professional eye care industry in Malaysia is high as there are many players competing in the industry. As in many retail businesses, there is a low barrier to entry into the operation of professional eye care centres. However, there is lack of industry peers to benchmark as there are no other competitors that are directly comparable to Focus Point Holdings Berhad. Many of the competitors are smaller outlets, independently owned and run by the owners. The nearest competitor locally is England Optical Group with similar growth strategy – store expansion, franchising and internationalization. England Optical Group operates 131 outlets, 120 in Malaysia, 10 in China and 1 in Cambodia. With reportedly 10% market share of the local optical industry, Focus Point Holdings Berhad is currently the market leader in the industry. Market share among competitors are widely dispersed with each holding a smaller percentage of the market. Conclusion A financial strategy analysis helps department heads review external and internal elements affecting a company and how such elements impact short-term and long-term activities. There are never any guarantees for business success, but creating financial strategies gives any business direction and guidance. For Focus Point Holdings Berhad, to ensure sustainability, the group increased the source of income to include food and beverage, in addition to income from eyewear and eye care and franchising. Overall the company is on the  6  right track, focusing on innovation and product development, market expansion especially in untapped regional markets and maintaining a good public image. 7 References Bender, R. , & Ward, K. (2003). Corporate financial strategy (2nd ed.). |Burlington, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann Focus Point Annual Report 2010 Focus Point Annual Report 2011 Focus Point Annual Report 2012 Irene, Y. (2010). Focus point targets local and overseas market expansion after listing, Kuala Lumpur: The Star.com.my Lee, A. (2010). Focus point braces for future challenges. Kuala Lumpur: The Star.com.my Lee, KS. (2010). Focus point plans forays into South-East Asia. Kuala Lumpur: The Star.co.my News: Focus Point to expand via franchising. (2003). Retrieved from Malaysian Franchise Association: http://www.mfa.org.my/?franchise-news:focus-point-to-expand-viafranchising:2C00C881V1

Revenue Management in the Tourism Industry

Revenue Management in the Tourism Industry Introduction Revenue management is an important element in the prediction of consumer behaviour and optimisation of product availability in the market. The concept is also used in setting prices for products through the application of analytics.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Revenue Management in the Tourism Industry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The objective of revenue administration is to maximise the growth of income generated by a firm (Phillips 2011). Another goal involves determining the right time to sell a particular product, the target market, and the ideal price. Through revenue management, organisations can determine the right package to sell to the consumers alongside the product (Legoherel, Poutier Fyall 2013). For this reason, it is said that this concept involves segmented pricing. Analysts in this field focus their attention on two main factors. The two are revenue growth and consumer behaviour . To predict the behavioural patterns of customers, the availability of the product in the market is optimised with a hope of maximising on revenues. Tourism is a multibillion industry in the world. A number of organisations offer a combination of tour related services. Just like any other robust sector of the global economy, the tourism industry is characterised by stiff competition among the players (The Emirates Group 2013). As a result, businesses operating in this segment must make smart choices to maintain or improve on their market share (The Emirates Group 2013). In the tourism industry, yield is the term used to refer to the actual revenue generated by an airliner or a hotel. The term is used in comparison to the income that would have been achieved in the event that the capacity of the operator was optimally utilised at the same published price (Shaw 2011).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In this paper, the author is going to conduct an up-to-date literature review on revenue management in the tourism industry. In the essay, the author will identify the various challenges faced by marketers in this sector today. The impacts of these problems in hospitality and tourism marketing will be reviewed. To achieve this objective, a number of academic journal articles will be used. Revenue Management in the Tourism Industry To understand the concept of revenue management, it is important for organisations in the tourism industry to familiarise themselves with the notion of yield administration. Through improved yields, organisations can effectively grow their revenue (Harewood 2008). In light of this, yield management becomes an important tool for marketers since they can use it to strike a balance between the marketing segments they are dealing with. It is important to establish this equilibrium in order to generate more revenue for the fir m. The focus of the organisation should not be limited to the idea of increasing the number of consumers. Challenges Facing Marketers in the Tourism Industry As stated earlier, most businesses in the tourism sector include hotels and airlines. The author of this paper puts more emphasis on airliners. It is important to understand that most of the organisations operating in the industry are mainly service providers (McKenna 2014). The business firms rarely offer tangible goods to their customers. Goods are only used as incentives. At times, they are included in packages to lure customers. They are often small and branded, such as key holders. The goods do not in any way improve the amount of revenue that is generated by the tourism company.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Revenue Management in the Tourism Industry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They are considered to be part of the variable costs incurred in the pr ocess of doing business. Marketers in this industry have to identify the best combination of segments in order for them to improve the efficiency of their revenue management undertakings. In the process of managing the revenue of their organisations, marketers in the tourism sector face a number of challenges. Different authors adopt varying perspectives with regards to the challenges facing marketers in the tourism industry. One of the greatest obstacles encountered by these professionals is the need to comply with Vision 2050 (Cathay Pacifi ­c Airways Limited 2012). As the aviation industry grew, it became necessary to come up with ways to address issues related to financial sustainability, conservation of environment, safety, and capacity. That is where Vision 2050 came in. To comply with the guidelines provided in this document, the airlines will have to invest heavily in the industry. More revenue will need to be generated to enable the companies implement the set guidelines. For this reason, marketers are required to calculate the best combination of segments. The pricing of the segments should enable the firms to retain and increase the number of customers. At the same time, the companies need to remain profitable. Striking a balance between the two requirements is a challenge to the marketers (Jones, Lee Chon 2011). Players in the tourism industry are also faced with the challenge of cutting on operational costs while at the same time improving the quality of services offered to the customers (AirAsia 2012).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is important to note that airlines, just like any other businesses operating in the contemporary global market, incur both fixed and variable costs. For this reason, the companies have come up with yield management systems. They are required to cut on their variable costs in order to remain profitable. Discounts offered by to the consumers should also be reduced. However, such initiatives only increase the amount of revenue collected per seat. The negative consequence of the move is that the number of customers is likely to go down as a result of the declining quality of services offered. Failure to offer discounts and incentives also makes the airlines lose potential customers, lowering their market share in the process (McCool McCool 2010). Another problem faced by marketers in the tourism industry involves inefficiency in baggage handling (Qantas 2013). Airlines and hotels need to deal with baggage in the most efficient way. However, at the same time, they are expected to red uce their operational costs. Important aspects of baggage handling include arrivals, check-in, manual handling, security, and transfers. Efficiency in this sector translates to improved quality of services. However, additional revenue needs to be allocated to this section to achieve this objective. The cost of such operations is likely to be passed down to the consumers, leading to an increase in the cost of services offered (Schwartz Chen 2012). Businesses in the tourism sector also have to contend with marketing issues related to the environment (Shaw 2011). In aviation, the marketers should take into consideration environmental regulations in their promotional activities. Compliance with these regulations is costly to the airlines. It translates to an increase in the cost of doing business. The airlines will in turn raise the prices charged on the various packages offered to consumers. Increasing the cost of services discourages customers from using the services of the company. On their part, hotels are also required by law to adhere to specific environmental policies. As a result, adjustments have to be made in a bid to comply with the regulations. The prices of some of the packages offered are raised to meet the costs incurred in making these adjustments (Vinod 2009). Change in customer loyalties has also been cited as one of the greatest challenges that marketers in the hospitality and tourism industry have to deal with (Cathay Pacific Airways Limited 2012). Hotels and airlines plan for their capacities in advance. They estimate the number of customers who are expected to use their services within a given duration of time. In most cases, the services are requested by customers and paid for in advance. However, changes in customer loyalties mean that hotels and airlines are likely to operate under capacity. The reduced earnings notwithstanding, the organisations are expected to meet their fixed costs. The low revenue generated as a result of lack of loya lty affects profitability, leading to increased prices in some of the segments. The Impacts of the Challenges on Tourism and Hospitality Marketing The challenges facing marketers in the tourism and hospitality industry have significantly impacted on the competition among segments in the sector. Such segments include accommodation, attraction sites, food and beverage, adventures and recreation, as well as travel trade (Cathay Paci ­fic Airways Limited 2012). Today, investors in the industry are engaged in cut-throat competition in an attempt to gain control of the market share. The operators have come up with improved revenue management systems to enhance their pricing schemes. Competition is important as it improves the quality of services offered to the customers. The costs of operations incurred by the competing businesses are also minimised, which leads to conservation of resources. Through competition, matters to do with convenience, control, and speed when dealing with passen gers have improved. Competition requires businesses to provide unique and quality services in order to retain and attract potential customers (Vinod 2009). Customers are likely to be on the lookout for high quality services, which are characterised by timeliness and consistency. The revenue management strategies put in place are expected to ensure that the most attractive packages are given at the best prices possible. Enhanced revenue management strategies among firms in the tourism and hospitality industry have also led to improved customer experiences (Schwartz, Stewart Backlund 2012). Airlines and hotel companies have devised mechanisms to provide their customers with valuable and vibrant experiences. Through successful marketing strategies, segmentation is made possible, allowing for different classes of tourists to get the best value out of their money. For example, major airlines have specialised on different classes of customers. For instance, for the past few years, Emirat es has focused on offering the best first class flight services in the industry (The Emirates Group 2013). Cathay Pacific Airline, on the other hand, specialises in the provision of services for business class tourists. Qantas and AirAsia focus on economy and low class groups of passengers, respectively. It is also possible for airlines to accommodate the four groups of passengers. Likewise, hotels offer different packages for varying groups of people. As a result, they are in a position to attract a diverse base of clientele. A number of revenue management policies are concerned with baggage handling (Vinod 2009). It is estimated that these strategies will help save over $1.25 billion by the reducing cases of baggage lost and mishandled. The approach is also likely to promote customer loyalty. The airlines and hotels that pay attention to the luggage of their customers are viewed as responsible and attract more clients. Complaints from customers are also reduced. Enhanced revenue m anagement strategies have made it possible for persons to travel from one point to another with ease. The development is brought about by improved price regimes in the industry (Lindenmeier Tscheulin 2008). As a result, many flights are been made to different destinations across the globe. The result of the increased movement of persons is increased congestion in many tourist destinations (Nason 2007). Tourists also pollute the environment around their destinations. Gases produced following the combustion of fuel by the airplanes also cause massive air pollution. It is worth noting that degradation of the destinations will lower the number of visitors. The development will hurt businesses in the sector as a result of reduced number of customers. In light of this, stakeholders should strive to deal with the problem of pollution in order to remain in business. A number of airlines, such as Emirates, have in the past engaged in charitable activities, which include cleaning the environ ment (The Emirates Group 2013). Conclusion Revenue management predicts customer behaviour through analytics. It is used to optimise the prices of goods and their availability in the market in a bid maximise revenue generation. Organisations can determine the most profitable packages through revenue management. In addition, segmented pricing can be implemented using this approach. Competition in the industry is stiff. For this reason, businesses have to come up with appealing packages to remain profitable. Revenue management provides such organisations with a chance to offer high quality services. At the same time, the businesses remain profitable without having to hike the prices of services provided. References AirAsia 2012, AirAsia annual-report, airasia.com/iwov-resources/my/common/pdf/AirAsia/IR/annual-report-2012.pdf. Cathay Pacific Airways Limited 2012, Cathay Pacifi ­c Airways Limited stock code: 00293 annual reports, cathaypacific.com/content/dam/cx/about-us/investor-rel ations/interim-annual-reports/en/2012_annual-report_en.pdf. Harewood, S 2008, ‘Coordinating the tourism supply chain using bid prices’, Journal of Revenue and Pricing Management, vol. 7 no. 3, pp. 266-280. Jones, D, Lee, A Chon, K 2011, ‘Future issues in sales, marketing, and revenue management in greater China: what keeps you up at night?’, Journal of Travel Tourism Marketing, vol. 28 no. 6, pp. 598-614. Legoherel, P, Poutier, E Fyall, A 2013, Revenue management for hospitality and tourism, Goodfellow Publishers Limited, New Jersey. Lindenmeier, J Tscheulin, D 2008, ‘The effects of inventory control and denied boarding on customer satisfaction: the case of capacity-based airline revenue management’, Tourism Management, vol. 29 no. 1, pp. 32-43. McCool, B McCool, A 2010, ‘Incorporating lessons learned into tourism industry strategic planning for disaster management’, International Journal of Revenue Management, vol. 4 no. 3, p . 259. McKenna, R 2014, ‘Revenue management for hospitality tourism’, Journal of Revenue and Pricing Management, vol. 13 no. 1, pp. 74-76. Nason, S 2007, ‘Forecasting the future of airline revenue management’, Journal of Revenue and Pricing Management, vol. 6 no. 1, pp. 64-66. Phillips, R 2011, ‘Efficient frontiers in revenue management’, Journal of Revenue and Pricing Management, vol. 32 no. 1, pp. 229-236. Qantas 2013, Qantas 2012/13 full year financial results, qantas.com.au/infodetail/about/investors/mediaReleaseResults13.pdf. Schwartz, Z Chen, C 2012, ‘Hedonic motivations and the effectiveness of risk perceptions-oriented revenue management policies’, Journal of Hospitality Tourism Research, vol. 36 no. 2, pp. 232-250. Schwartz, Z, Stewart, W Backlund, E 2012, ‘Visitation at capacity-constrained tourism destinations: exploring revenue management at a national park’, Tourism Management, vol. 33 no. 3, pp. 500- 508. Shaw, S 2011, Airline marketing and management, 7th edn, SSA Ltd., Oxfordshire. The Emirates Group 2013, The Emirates Group complete financial report and accounts 2012-2013, theemiratesgroup.com/english/facts-figures/annual-report.aspx. Vinod, B 2009, ‘The complexities and challenges of the airline fare management process and alignment with revenue management’, Journal of Revenue and Pricing Management, vol. 9 no. 2, pp. 137-151

The Cost of Alcoholism on Society

The Cost of Alcoholism on Society Free Online Research Papers Excessive alcohol consumption is an age-old human problem, and costs society an enormous amount of money every year. The first critique this learner would like to expand on is treatment. Treatments consist of different attempts to control the availability of alcohol. Since alcoholism is a disease, then individuals should seek medical treatment. Alcohol alone was the primary substance of abuse for almost 21.5% of all treatment admissions in the United States in 2005 (Inaba and Cohen, 2007). The average age of those with alcohol only as their problem was 39 compared with 35 who were admitted for alcohol and a secondary drug problem (Inaba and Cohen, 2007). The formation of Alcohol Anonymous (AA) in 1935 can now be seen as an important milestone in treatment (Ray and Ksir, 1999). This group supports abstinence as their goal. Everyone agrees that AA has been helpful for many people and, because it has reached more individuals than any other approach, has undoubtedly helped more people t han any other method (Ray and Ksir, 1999). However, AA was developed by and for people who have made a decision to stop drinking and who want to affiliate with others who have made that same decision, and it may not be the best approach for individuals who are forced to attend meetings by court order or jail. Alcohol use disorders (AUDs) are prevalent, and rates of drinking and AUDs are increasing (U.S. Department of Human Services, 2001). In all age groups, the prevalence of AUDs is higher among men than women, but the rates for women are considerable, with 4%–9.8% of younger women (below 44 years of age) meeting criteria for diagnosis. Psychological and medical correlates of AUDs differ for women and men. In treatment samples, as many as 65% of women with AUDs meet lifetime criteria for another psychiatric disorder (Mann, Hintz, and Jung, 2004). Women with AUDs also have higher rates of medical problems (Smith and Wisner, 2000) and an accelerated rate of development of alcohol-related morbidity and mortality. Furthermore, cognitive and somatic deficits develop more rapidly in heavy-drinking women than their male counterparts (Diehl et al., 2007). Death rates among women with AUDs are estimated to be 50%–100% higher than those of men with AUDs (Smith and Weisner, 2000). Despite the greater negative consequences of drinking, women are less likely during their lifetime to seek treatment for an AUD (23% of men with alcohol dependence vs. 15.1% of women (Dawson. 1996). Outcome research on treatments for AUDs reflects the lower prevalence of women in treatment. A recent review of treatment outcome studies found that women constituted only 15.7% of study samples in published studies (Swearingen, Moyer, and Finney, 2002). In general, the low numbers of women in alcohol treatment outcome studies have made it difficult to draw firm conclusions about effective treatments for women, and few studies have examined sex-segregated treatment. In one of the only randomized clinical trials evaluating sex-segregated versus mixed sex treatment for women with AUDs, outcomes were more positive for the women-only treatment approach (Dahlgren and Willander, 1989; Haver, Dahlgren, and Willander, 2001). Intimate relationships may play a more significant role in womens than mens reasons for drinking and for relapse. Women with AUDs are more likely than men to drink in response to negative emotions or conflicts with others, and they are less likely to drink in response to pleasant emotions or positive social situations (Annis and Graham, 1995). After treatment, women are more likely to relapse with either a romantic partner (Connors, Maisto, and Zywiak, 1998) or a friend; men are more likely to relapse when alone (Rubin, Stout, and Longabaugh, 1996). Secondly, social effects of alcohol cause many problems. The college years have traditionally been associated with alcohol use, and in 1994 the proportion of â€Å"drinkers† was indeed about 10 percent higher among 18- to 22 year old college students than among the general population of that age (e.g., about 70 percent of college students reported drinking in that past month, compared with about 61 percent of all 18-25 year olds in the NIDA household survey) (Ray and Ksir, 1999). Drinking alcohol can have profound effects on human social behavior, some of which constitute major problems for our society. The National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence (1970), for example, found that â€Å"no other psychoactive substance is associated with violent crimes, suicide, and automobile accidents more than alcohol† (p. 641). Intoxicated offenders commit as much as 60% of the murders in the United States and comparably high proportions of other violent crimes such as rape, robbery, assault, domestic violence, and child abuse (Pernanen, 1976). Yet the positive effects of drinking are also well known; alcohol is used regularly to encourage friendly social interaction, self-disclosure, affection, and so on. It is surprising then, that despite the prevalence and importance of these effects, so little is known about how they occur. Recently, progress has been made in research that shows that mere expectations about how alcohol makes us behave can mediate social drinking effects. That is, â€Å"drunkenness† can result from the self-fulfillment of drinking expectancies, or from the use of alcohol as an â€Å"excuse† for inappropriate or antisocial behavior. Drinking expectancies, independent of actual alcohol consumption, have been shown to increase binge drinking (Marlatt, Demming, and Reid, 1973), aggression (Lang, Goeckner, Adsso, and Marlatt, 1975).), and time spent viewing sexual photographic slides (Lang, Searles, Lauerman, and Adesso, 1980). Recently, progress has been made in research that shows that mere expectations about how alcohol makes us behave can mediate social drinking effects. That is, â€Å"drunkenness† can result from the self-fulfillment of drinking expectancies, or from the use of alcohol as an â€Å"excuse† for inappropriate or antisocial behavior. The idea is t hat alcohol releases people from their inhibition, largely because the inhibitions represent concerns about what might happen, whereas the intoxicated individual focuses on the immediate irritant or the person who needs help right now. Alcohol should generally weaken response inhibition. Once a response is instigated, its inhibition requires further information processing: Negative consequences of the response must be conceptualized, standards of conduct must be accessed and evaluated in relation to the response, and potentially inhibiting cues (again, both external and internal) must be perceived and their inhibitory significance understood (McCrady and Epstei, 2009). Alcohol’s damage to perception, however, makes it harder for one to notice peripheral inhibiting cues. Attention was focused in the early 1980s on the large number of traffic fatalities involving alcohol. It is difficult to estimate exactly how many of those fatalities are alcohol related, but we can obtain so me relevant information because some states mandate that the coroner measure blood alcohol in all fatally accidents. Single vehicle fatalities are more likely to involve alcohol than multiple vehicle fatalities in which the fatally injured person was driving the striking vehicle (Ray and Ksir, 1999). Another social effect is crime and violence. Pernanem (1976) used these facts to explain alcohol’s well-known relation to violent behavior. He argued that interacting parties who are impaired by alcohol are less likely to see justifications for the others behavior, are thus more likely to interpret the behavior as arbitrary and provocative, and then, having less access to inhibiting cues and behavioral standards, are more likely to react extremely (Steele and Southwick, 1985). These are all effects that cause the interaction to escalate toward physical violence. He further noted that depending on the response that is situationally instigated, alcohol’s impairment of information processing can increase back-slapping friendliness as well as belligerence (Steele and Southwick, 1985). Alcoho l should make a social response more extreme when, if one were sober, the response here would be under strong inhibitory conflict- that is, pressured by strong and more or less equal instigating and inhibiting stimuli. Alcohol’s damage to inhibition allows instigatory pressures more influence on the response, making it more extreme (Steele and Southwick, 1985). For example, by blocking thoughts of negative consequences, alcohol makes it easier for our delinquent to throw the brick. In contrast, alcohol’s damage to inhibition should have little effect on response extremeness under weak inhibitory conflict. Alcohol use and homicides are well known to police and the judicial systems. Based on several studies of police and court records, the proportion of murderers who had been drinking before the crime range from 36 percent in Baltimore to 70 percent in Sweden (Ray and Ksir, 1999). Homicides are more likely to occur in situations in which drinking also occurs, but that al so leaves the question as whether alcohol plays a causal role in homicides. Treatment and social effects have been associated with alcohol from the beginning of time. Those clients who have jobs, stable family relationships, minimal psychopathology, no history of past treatment failures and minimal involvement with other drugs tend to do better than those with no jobs, no meaningful relationships, and so on. Although many alcoholics relapse after treatment, not all do, and treatment programs are statistically effective. Alcohol use and alcohol-related problems vary widely among different cultures and in different regions of the United States. Alcohol use is associated with thousands of traffic fatalities and has been correlated with homicide, assault, family violence, and suicide. References Annis, H. M., Graham, J. M. (1995). Profile types on the Inventory of Drinking Situations: Implications for relapse prevention counseling. Psychology of Addictive Behavior, 9(3), 176–182. . Retrieved from PsycARTICLES on May 24, 2009. Connors, G. J., Maisto, S. A., Zywiak, W. H. (1998). Male and female alcoholics attributions regarding onset and termination of relapses and the maintenance of abstinence. Journal of Substance Abuse, 10, 27–42. Retrieved from PsycARTICLES on May 24, 2009. Dahlgren, L., Willander, A. (1989). Are special treatment facilities for female alcoholics needed? A controlled 2-year study from a specialized female unit (EWA) versus a mixed male/female treatment facility. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 13, 499–504. Retrieved from PsycARTICLES on May 24, 2009. Dawson, D. A. (1996). Gender differences in the probability of alcohol treatment. Journal of Substance Abuse, 8, 211–225. Retrieved from PsycARTICLES on May 26, 2009. Diehl, A., Croissant, B., Batra, A., Mundle, G., Nakovics, H., Mann, K. (2007). Alcoholism in women: Is it different in onset and outcome compared to men? European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 257, 344–351. Retrieved from PsycARTICLES on May 26, 2009. Haver, B., Dahlgren, L., Willander, A. (2001). A 2-year follow-up of 120 Swedish female alcoholics treated early in their drinking career: Prediction of drinking outcome. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 25, 1586–1593. . Retrieved from PsycARTICLES on May 26, 2009. Inada, D. Cohen, W. (2007). Uppers Downers All Arounders: Physical and Mental Effects of Psychoactive Drugs. (6th ed.). Medford, Oregon: CNS Publications, Inc. Lang, A. R., Goeckner, D. J., Adesso, V. J., Marlatt, G. H. (1975). Effects of alcohol on aggression in male social drinkers. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 84, 508–518. Retrieved from PsycARTICLES on May 26, 2009. Lang, A. R., Searles, J., Lauerman, R., Adesso, V. (1980). Expectancy, alcohol, and sex guilt as determinants of interest in and reaction to sexual stimuli. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 89, 644–653. Retrieved from PsycARTICLES on May 26, 2009. Mann, K., Hintz, T., Jung, M. (2004). Does psychiatric comorbidity in alcohol-dependent patients affect treatment outcome? European Archives of Psychiatry Clinical Neuroscience, 254(3), 172–181. Retrieved from PsycARTICLES on May 26, 2009. Marlatt, G. A., Demming, B., Reid, J. B. (1973). Loss of control drinking in alcoholics: An experimental analogue. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 81, 233–241. Retrieved from PsycARTICLES on May 26, 2009. McCrady, B and Epstein, E. (2009). Randomized Trial of Individual and Couple Behavioral Alcohol Treatment for Women. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, Vol 77(2), Apr 2009. pp. 243-256. Retrieved from PsycARTICLES on May 24, 2009. National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence. (1970). Crimes of violence. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Retrieved from PsycARTICLES on May 24, 2009. Pernanen, K. (1976). Alcohol and crimes of violence. In R.Kissin H.Begleiter (Eds.), The biology of alcoholism, Vol. 4: Social aspects of alcoholism (pp. 351–444). New York: Plenum. Retrieved from PsycARTICLES on May 26, 2009. Ray, O. Ksir, C. (1999). Drugs, Society, and Human Behavior. (8th ed). McGraw-Hill. Rubin, A., Stout, R. L., Longabaugh, R. (1996). Gender differences in relapse situations. Addiction, 91(Suppl. 1), S111–S120. Retrieved from PsycARTICLES on May 26, 2009. Steele, C. and Southwick, L. Alcohol and Social Behavior I: The Psychology of Drunken Excess, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Vol. 48(1) pp.18-34. Retrieved from PsycARTICLES on May 24, 2009. Swearingen, C. E., Moyer, A., Finney, J. W. (2002). Alcoholism treatment outcomes studies, 1970–1998: An expanded look at the nature of the research. Addictive Behaviors, 28, 415–436. Retrieved from PsycARTICLES on May 26, 2009. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2001). 10th special report to the U.S. Congress on alcohol and health from the Secretary of Health and Human Services (2000). Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved from PsycARTICLES on May 24, 2009. . Research Papers on The Cost of Alcoholism on SocietyInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesThe Fifth HorsemanThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UsePersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyResearch Process Part OneThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationCapital Punishment19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraThree Concepts of PsychodynamicArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)

Olvidar Conjugation in Spanish, Translations, Examples

Olvidar Conjugation in Spanish, Translations, Examples Olvidar is the Spanish verb for to forget, although it can also refer to leaving something behind, even if done intentionally. To conjugate  olvidar  follow the pattern for regular -ar verbs. This article includes the conjugations for all the simple tenses of olvidar: the present and imperfect tenses in the indicative and subjunctive moods; the indicative preterite and future; the conditional; and the imperative or command forms. Youll also find the past and present participle, which are used  for the compound tenses. Among the few Spanish words derived from olvidar are olvido (an oversight or minor error) and olvidadizo (forgetful). Present Indicative Tense of Olvidar Yo olvido I forget Yo olvido las llaves de la casa. T olvidas You forget T olvidas las reglas del juego. Usted/l/ella olvida You/he/she forgets l olvida la letra de la cancin. Nosotros olvidamos We forget Nosotros olvidamos los pasos de baile. Vosotros olvidis You forget Vosotros olvidis los nombres de las personas. Ustedes/ellos/ellas olvidan You/they forget Ellos olvidan los malos momentos. Olvidar Preterite The preterite  is one of the two simple past tenses of Spanish. It is used for actions that occurred over a definite time. The other past tense, the imperfect, is for actions that occurred during an indefinite period. Yo olvid I forgot Yo olvid las llaves de la casa. T olvidaste You forgot T olvidaste las reglas del juego. Usted/l/ella olvid You/he/she forgot l olvid la letra de la cancin. Nosotros olvidamos We forgot Nosotros olvidamos los pasos de baile. Vosotros olvidasteis You forgot Vosotros olvidasteis los nombres de las personas. Ustedes/ellos/ellas olvidaron You/they forgot Ellos olvidaron los malos momentos. Imperfect Indicative Form of Olvidar The imperfect form can be translated to English as used to forget. Yo olvidaba I used to forget Yo olvidaba las llaves de la casa. T olvidabas You used to forget T olvidabas las reglas del juego. Usted/l/ella olvidaba You/he/she used to forget l olvidaba la letra de la cancin. Nosotros olvidbamos We used to forget Nosotros olvidbamos los pasos de baile. Vosotros olvidabais You used to forget Vosotros olvidabais los nombres de las personas. Ustedes/ellos/ellas olvidaban You/they used to forget Ellos olvidaban los malos momentos. Olvidar Future Tense There is little difference in meaning between the simple future and the periphrastic future, although the latter is more colloquial or informal. Yo olvidar I will forget Yo olvidar las llaves de la casa. T olvidars You will forget T olvidars las reglas del juego. Usted/l/ella olvidar You/he/she will forget l olvidar la letra de la cancin. Nosotros olvidaremos We will forget Nosotros olvidaremos los pasos de baile. Vosotros olvidaris You will forget Vosotros olvidaris los nombres de las personas. Ustedes/ellos/ellas olvidarn You/they will forget Ellos olvidarn los malos momentos. Periphrastic Future of Olvidar Yo voy a olvidar I am going to forget Yo voy a olvidar las llaves de la casa. T vas a olvidar You are going to forget T vas a olvidar las reglas del juego. Usted/l/ella va a olvidar You/he/she is going to forget l va a olvidar la letra de la cancin. Nosotros vamos a olvidar We are going to forget Nosotros vamos a olvidar los pasos de baile. Vosotros vais a olvidar You are going to forget Vosotros vais a olvidar los nombres de las personas. Ustedes/ellos/ellas van a olvidar You/they are going to forget Ellos van a olvidar los malos momentos. Present Progressive/Gerund Form of Olvidar The gerund, also known as the present participle, is used in making the continuous or progressive tenses. Gerund:  olvidando  (forgetting) Él est olvidando la letra de la cancià ³n.   Past Participle of Olvidar The past participle can be used as an adjective or in forming the perfect tenses. An example of the adjectival use is  los hà ©roes olvidados (the forgotten heroes). Participle:  olvidado  (forgotten) Él ha olvidado la letra de la cancià ³n.   Conditional Form of Olvidar As its name suggests, the  conditional  tense is used for actions that would occur if certain other conditions are met. Those conditions need not be explicitly stated, although they are in these examples. Yo olvidara I would forget Yo olvidara las llaves de la casa, pero las ato a mis pantalones. T olvidaras You would forget T olvidaras las reglas del juego, pero lo conoces muy bien. Usted/l/ella olvidara You/he/she would forget l olvidara la letra de la cancin, pero la escucha todos los das. Nosotros olvidaramos We would forget Nosotros olvidaramos los pasos de baile si no tuviramos un buen profesor. Vosotros olvidarais You would forget Vosotros olvidarais los nombres de las personas, pero tenis buena memoria. Ustedes/ellos/ellas olvidaran You/they would forget Ellos olvidaran los malos momentos si quisieran ser felices. Present Subjunctive of Olvidar The  present subjunctive deals with mood and is used in situations of doubt, desire, or emotion. Que yo olvide That I forget Violeta espera que yo olvide las llaves de la casa. Que t olvides That you forget Es una lstima que t olvides las reglas del juego. Que usted/l/ella olvide That you/he/she forget Rebeca espera que l olvide la letra de la cancin. Que nosotros olvidemos That we forget Pablo quiere que nosotros olvidemos los pasos de baile. Que vosotros olvidis That you forget David teme que vosotros olvidis los nombres de las personas. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas olviden That you/they forget Jos espera que ellos olviden los malos momentos. Imperfect Subjunctive Forms of Olvidar The first of these options is more common and less formal. Option 1 Que yo olvidara That I forgot Violeta esperaba que yo olvidara las llaves de la casa. Que t olvidaras That you forgot Era una lstima que t olvidaras las reglas del juego. Que usted/l/ella olvidara That you/he/she forgot Rebeca esperaba que l olvidara la letra de la cancin. Que nosotros olvidramos That we forgot Pablo quera que nosotros olvidramos los pasos de baile. Que vosotros olvidarais That you forgot David tema que vosotros olvidarais los nombres de las personas. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas olvidaran That you/they forgot Jos esperaba que ellos olvidaran los malos momentos. Option 2 Que yo olvidase That I forgot Violeta esperaba que yo olvidase las llaves de la casa. Que t olvidases That you forgot Era una lstima que t olvidases las reglas del juego. Que usted/l/ella olvidase That you/he/she forgot Rebeca esperaba que l olvidase la letra de la cancin. Que nosotros olvidsemos That we forgot Pablo quera que nosotros olvidsemos los pasos de baile. Que vosotros olvidaseis That you forgot David tema que vosotros olvidaseis los nombres de las personas. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas olvidasen That you/they forgot Jos esperaba que ellos olvidasen los malos momentos. Imperative Forms of Olvidar The imperative mood is used for giving direct commands. Imperative (Positive Command) T olvida Forget! Olvida las reglas del juego! Usted olvide Forget! Olvide la letra de la cancin! Nosotros olvidemos Lets forget! Olvidemos los pasos de baile! Vosotros olvidad Forget! Olvidad los nombres de las personas! Ustedes olviden Forget! Olviden los malos momentos! Imperative (Negative Command) T no olvides Dont forget! No olvides las reglas del juego! Usted no olvide Dont forget! No olvide la letra de la cancin! Nosotros no olvidemos Lets not forget! No olvidemos los pasos de baile! Vosotros no olvidis Dont forget! No olvidis los nombres de las personas! Ustedes no olviden Dont forget! No olviden los malos momentos!

MBA Thesis- Entrepreneurial Business Plan Thesis

MBA - Entrepreneurial Business Plan - Thesis Example There has to be some mechanism for federal level reporting where hospitals across the country are held to it, and it’s just not a voluntary thing. We don’t have it. Voluntary reporting vastly underestimates the frequency of errors and injuries that occur† – Dr. Landriagn (Assistant Professor at Harvard Medical School) 911 Health Care Services Corporation is a privately owned firm with an aim to offer high quality healthcare services. By leveraging its services through excellent technology, firm aims to offer newest technology in patient identification and medical history storage. By employing latest technology and database tools, we aim to offer a comprehensive service which can help reduce the time and cost to record, save and retrieve patient information in hospitals and other healthcare settings. This technology will facilitate healthcare service providers at different levels and will offer a robust and a cost-saving technology which can cater to the needs at different levels including emergency departments of the hospitals. This will be a private limited company with initial share capital of $10 (m) equally divided into shares of $1 each. The initial subscribers of the business will be assuming 50% of the ownership by subscribing to propionate number of shares. Initial shareholders and subscr ibers will also serve on the management of the business and will provide their expertise and experience to run the business. This firm will be primarily a privately run business with one CEO as the head of the organization looking after day-to-day issues of the firm and devising strategies and developing strategic alliances and partnerships. A marketing team will be involved in the execution of marketing strategy through which firm can actually aim to partner with different hospitals and healthcare service providers for effecting marketing and selling of the technology. The overall idea was conceived in order to

Continuum Professional Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Continuum Professional Development - Essay Example Like any other activity I developed a working plan that would help me achieve my goals and objectives. The action plan was mainly based on gaining experience and learning from experienced practitioners. According to Plunket (2008) creating good relations with experienced practitioners is the best way to gain effectively from continuum development practices. In the action plan, I focused on the location of my placement as a junior practitioner, the skills required from me, being in good terms with my tutors and supervisors and having the best academic qualifications. In continuum practice development an action plan should have a mandatory requirement of acquiring maximum skills from the academic side and skills in practice development (Jasper, 2006). The author further argues that as a student, academic qualification is the most important requirement to build ones skills in their career. In the academic level students are advised to also create relationship with their tutors and other experienced instructors who may guide them as amateur nursing practitioners. In the paper, I will discuss my experience in continuum professional development in terms of communication and working with others. Additionally, there will be an inclusion of my strong and weak areas as a learning nursing practitioner. ... In my academic life, I developed my communication skills by research and by creating relationships with my instructors. Like a requirement in continuum professional development, one should create a healthy relationship with tutors and instructors. In this way, the experienced practitioners aid students in understanding the requirements of the practice. In terms of communication I indulged in practical lessons in gaining experience and getting used to the terms involved. In the practical lessons, there were programs which we participated in that helped our tutors evaluate and promote our progress. The programs were based on specific requirements from our tutors. The programs enhanced our communicating skills with patients, taking notes from practical lessons, analyzing the trends in communication in the practice and learning from experienced practitioners how to relate to the practice situations. Communication in the academic level is also enhanced through creating groups that help fo rmulate communication strategies (O’Farell & Evans, 2008). In these groups, tutors and instructors provide instructions on how to create communication programs and trends to suit the field. Additionally, the groups act as support mechanisms to slow learners who require more attention when learning. According to Hansen (2013) communication in groups help students have confidence and enough self esteem to face patient and experienced practitioners. In groups, every person is ranked an amateur regardless of their sharpness and level of understanding. This helps students feel comfortable when learning and experimenting new communication skills. Academically, students also learn how to work in groups. In every class level tutors created groups which required working together to

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Organic Chemistry Testing Markovnikov's Rule Lab Report

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International Urben Policy - Essay Example The paper tries to analyse the problems facing the growth of this unplanned city and tries to formulate measures whereby these can be tackled so as to make it more progressive and habitable. Nairobi is a city that faces a major influx of refugees moving into its urban areas. Interestingly, this migration pattern into Nairobi is not only for economic opportunities. Apart from economic migrants, the country also has hordes of people who move out of camps providing assistance to them, as the quality of aid is very low. Regarding this, it would be worth observing that whereas the period 1997 - 2001 was characterised by a 24 percent decline in the global refugee population compared to the pervious five years, the share of refugee from Africa rose from 20 to 45 percent during the same period. Also, as the demographic status of refugees varies across regions, and even within countries, it is dependent on the normative value of the refugees themselves. By end of 2001, Kenya was home to over a quarter of a million refugees. And out of this, almost about 50% of the refugees were aged above 18 years while about 45% of the total population were female. These refugees including thos e in urban areas posed a challenge not only to the government, but also to the indigenous populations. The host country saw them as an imposing and alarming threat to their own sovereignty, security and global stability. The governmental failure to unify the various clans and tribes of the city along with the influx of the refugees is inter-related to the demographics of the inter ethnic relations of the city. Research involving the various tribes such as the Luyia, Kuria, Suba, Luo, Maasai, or the Kalenjin and their inter racial interactions has shown that the relation of these refugees with the people, as well as the relation within the tribes themselves is pretty complicated. What makes it more dangerous is the existence of separate political affiliations of ethnically defined groups to political parties in the multi-party system of Kenya. Even with the coming of self governance, the colonial power is still considered to be an important influence on ethnic identification. Among the Luo, Maasai and their Bantu neighbours, there is a cultural gradient or a culture prestige gradient with the Nilotes at the upper end, and this status differentiation in several cases is stabilised by the appointment of chiefs from high status groups by the colonial power. This intra racial differentiation leads to a process of social exclusion. This, on the other hand, is also propagated by what has been termed as the 'filtering down process' of educational facilities being provided to the people of the different groups: broadly speaking the 'haves and the have nots'. Put in a nut shell, the educational policy in Kenya is such that it is generally the children from educated and well to do parents who can pursue higher education. The process of filtering down ensures that even when the government adopts a policy of educational expansion, it fails to lead to intergenerational job mobility. As Hazlewood puts it, the much greater expansion of secondary education, drawing in many more, and a much higher proportion, of the children of the uneducated in Kenya than in Tanzania, has made access to secondary educatio

Organic Chemistry Testing Markovnikov's Rule Lab Report

Organic Chemistry Testing Markovnikov's Rule - Lab Report Example This is practically true considering a case in which an alkene is meant to react with water in the addition reaction with alcohol that involves the carbocations formation as the ultimate result. Arguably, the group of hydroxyl (OH) combines with the atom of carbon with the highest amount of carbon-carbon bonds, with the hydrogen bonding to the carbon possessing on high carbon-hydrogen bonds. Certainly, it is apparent that for Markovnikov Rule, the chemical basis is the establishment of a carbocation often considered most stable during the process of addition. As widely cited, the hydrogen ion addition to a unit atom of carbon within the alkene establishes a charge that is positive on another carbon forming an intermediate carbocation (Lehman 7). With increasing substitution of the carbocation, the bonds to carbon or substituent to electron donating increases, as well making it an intermediate, which is somewhat stable given the hyper conjugation and induction. What this means is that the component of the reaction of addition is a product that is made from an intermediate considered most stable. In this case, one key product of HX addition to an alkene contains an atom of hydrogen in a position of minimal substitution whereas X is in a position that can easily be substituted. The less stable, less substituted carbocation will eventually be established to a certain degree and will end up establishing a product that is minor with the X attachment on the opposite side. With a view to test the practicality of Markovnikov’s Rule, this experimental was set up with a focus on Markovnikov’s Rule A solution containing 0.80mmol of iodine was prepared in 1.0mL of THF in a vial dram. 4.00mmol of 1-hexene was charged into a 10ml round-bottom flask, a 4.0 mL of THF was added, and a stir bar used to stir and dissolve the mixture. 1.6mmol of

Microfinance Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Microfinance - Dissertation Example The foremost significance of microfinance institutions lies in their pro-poor feature Most of the developing nations are characterised by a majority of the population dwelling in poverty-stricken rural areas. Hence, microfinance institutions help to bail them out of dire situations arising out of low investment potentials and opportunities mirrored through a poor economic growth rate. Secondly, the fragile financial systems of developing economies are too poor to confront the risk of lending out to the rural poor; rather, they tend to advance their services to the more organised or formalised sector. Hence, investment lending is indeed negligible for the rural areas in developing economies. Lastly, the rural poor in developing economies often are discouraged to avail lending options in commercial banks, where they need to deposit collateral while taking credit unlike in microfinance institutions, where they are allowed to accept loans collectively that does not expose any single indi vidual to huge liability stakes. In addition to alleviating poverty, reducing inequality of income and generating employment, microfinance institutions also help to boost up economic growths through increased production and reduced dependence on externally produced items (Woller & Parsons, 2008). The situation in Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia could be distinguished exclusively as an oil-producing giant that draws almost all of its income from exporting the fuel around the world. However, the rise in economic growth rates has been recorded as 1.25 percent between 1981 and 2000 in contrast to a fall of 2.5 percent in GDP per capita, implying a rising inequality in the distribution of income (Raphaeli, 2003, p. 1). The nation is also characterised by an extremely skewed tax structures favourable mostly for the richer section, while the same cannot be said for the poorer population who derive their incomes out of primary activities such as farming or fishery. The modestly developed financia l sector of Saudi Arabia cannot is quite unfavourable for the rural poor who have to strive hard for loans. Furthermore, the national government exhibits little effort in development of infrastructure in these regions (Islamic Development Bank, 2010, p. 3). These loans could prove to be foundations for setting up of small scale industries conducive for the economic growth and employment generation in the nation. In addition, microfinance institutions could also bail

Breast and Ovarian Cancer Essay Example for Free

Breast and Ovarian Cancer Essay Purpose Statement: This speech has a primary goal of educating the audience and to give a better understanding of what breast cancer is and how it can be treated with detection by a vast variety of methods. It will also give better understanding that not only women but men also are susceptible to breast cancer. Introduction I. Attention: There are a number of researches done about breast and ovarian cancer. Breast cancer is the second largest cause of death in women. Ovarian cancer is the fourth largest cause of death in women, but there isn’t a lot of attention brought to the public by the media. There needs to be more awareness about these types of cancers for better education. II. Relevance: Everyone will be affected by cancer sometime in their life either directly or indirectly. Getting people the knowledge and information might help save a life. III. Thesis: Being tested and self-exams are the most proactive ways to catch it early to prevent death. IV. Preview: I will tell you the causes of breast and ovarian cancer. I will also tell you information about genetic testing. [Transition: Let me first tell you what cancer is.] Body I. What is cancer? What is breast and ovarian cancer? A. Cancer is a cell that because immortal due to the loss of signal to die as the immortal cell continues to grow it splits its self and continues to duplicate this process until a mass is formed large enough to be felt or see in a scan. 1. Breast cancer an immortal cell that is located in the breast tissue, not only in women but men also. 2. Ovarian cancer is an immortal cell located in the ovarian tissue and the fallopian tubes. B. Approximately 2 million women in the United States have been diagnosed and treated for breast cancer and there was a reported 40,000 that lost their lives due to breast cancer in 2009 alone according to the Journal of Cell Tissue Research. C. Approximately 23,000 new cases of ovarian cancer are reported a year and approximately 15,000 will die a year according to the Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing. D. Approximately less than 1% of breast cancer occurs in men. [Transition: Now that we have talked about what breast cancer is, let’s talk about what age it could develop.] II. What age is breast and ovarian cancer usually developed? A. The average age for breast cancer is over 50 and the average age for ovarian cancer is 65 or older. B. If you have a strong history of these cancers in your family there is a chance that you could test positive for a genetic mutation gene. 1. A genetic mutation gene is a gene that is passed from family member to family member; There are two types of these genes and one is called BRACA Braca 1 is a mutation for breast cancer, which brings the percentage to a higher rate of getting the disease and getting it at a much younger age for men and women. 2. The other gene is called BRACA 2. Braca 2 is a mutation for breast and ovarian cancer, which means not only is there higher risk of getting breast cancer but ovarian cancer also at a much younger age and for men this gene presents its self in the form of breast cancer and prostate cancer. [Transition: Now that we know the age cancer could develop let’s talk about prevention.] III. What are the preventions for breast and ovarian cancers? A. The first prevention you can do is communication; Talking to your family and children lets them know what the family history is and what to be aware of in the future. B. The second prevention is screening by the doctor on a regular basis and self-exams. C. The third is to get tested for the mutation gene if there is a strong family history. 1. If you test positive for the BRACA 1 gene you can lower the percentage of having breast cancer quite a bit by having a bilateral mastectomy. 2. If you test positive for the BRACA 2 gene you can bring the percentage for having breast and ovarian cancer quite a bit lower by not only having a bilateral mastectomy but also a hysterectomy. [Transition: Now that we understand what breast cancer is, when it could develop and how we can help prevent let’s move on to the conclusion.] Conclusion I. Summary: With all of the information that I have given, we now know not only what cancer is but what breast and ovarian cancer is. We also know that men can get it same as women and instead of ovarian cancer it presents its self as prostate cancer. We now know what age to be thinking about it, and we also know good ways to prevent from getting it. It is not a guarantee that you will not get these types of cancers if you follow these prevention methods but it does bring your chances way down and brings the survival rate up. II. Restated Thesis: Being tested and self-exams are the most effective way to catch it early to prevent death. III. Call to action: Talking is the best way for prevention the more you and your family know the better off everyone is. I encourage you to ask questions and be informed about your family history not only because of these cancers but other health risks also. V. Closing Statement: At the beginning of the speech I spoke about the number of researches done about breast and ovarian cancer and breast cancer being the second largest cause of death in women, and ovarian cancer being the fourth largest cause of death in women, but there not being a lot of information about ovarian cancer in the news or on TV. We desperately need to get the awareness out there to educate people. Knowledge is power.

Theories of leadership:

Theories of leadership: Introduction â€Å"The term leadership is a word taken from the common vocabulary and incorporated into the technical vocabulary of a scientific discipline without being precisely redefined. As consequences, it carries extraneous connotations that create ambiguity of meaning (Janda, 1960). Additional confusion is caused by the use of other imprecise terms such as power, authority, management, administration, control and supervision to describe similar phenomena. An observation by Bennis (1959, p. 259) is as true today as when he made it many years ago: Always, it seems, the concept of leadership eludes us or turns up in another form to taunt us again with its slipperiness and complexity. So we have invented an endless proliferation of terms to deal with it. and still the concept is not sufficiently defined.† â€Å"Most definition of leadership reflect the assumption that involves a process whereby intentional influences is exerted over other people to guide, structure, and facilitate acti vities and relationships in a group or organisation. The numerous definitions of leadership appear to have little else in common. They differ in many respects, including who exerts influence, the intended purpose of the influence, the manner in which influence is exerted, and the outcome of the influence attempt. The differences are not just t a case of scholarly nit picking; they reflect deep disagreement about identification of leaders and leadership processes.†(Gary Yukl, 2010) Theories of leadership: Douglas McGregor described Theory X and Theory Y in his book, The Human Side of Enterprise. Theory X and Theory Y each represent different ways in which leaders view employees. Theory X managers believe that employees are motivated mainly by money, are lazy, uncooperative, and have poor work habits. Theory Y managers believe that subordinates work hard, are cooperative, and have positive attitudes. Theory X is the traditional view of direction and control by managers. It is the nature of average human being who dislikes doing work and will avoid if he or she can. Because of this human characteristic of dislike of work, most people must be controlled, directed, and threatened with punishment to get them to put forth adequate effort toward the achievement of organizational objectives. The average human being prefers to be directed, wishes to avoid responsibility, and has relatively little ambition, wants security above all. Theory Y is the view that individual and organizational goals can be integrated. The expenditures of physical and mental effort in work are as natural as play or rest. External control and the threat of punishment are not the only means for bringing out effort toward organizational objectives. Commitment to objectives is a function of the rewards associated with their achievement. The average human being learns, under proper conditions, not only to accept but also to seek responsibility. The capacity to exercise a relatively high degree of imagination, ingenuity, and creativity in the solution of organizational problems in widely, not narrowly, distributed in the population. Under the condition of modern industrial life, the intellectual potentialities of the average human being are only partially utilized. Fred E. Fiedlers contingency theory postulates that there is no best way for managers to lead. Situations will create different leadership style requirements for a manager. The solution to a managerial situation is contingent on the factors that impose on the situation. For example, in a highly routinized (mechanistic) environment where repetitive tasks are the norm, a certain leadership style may result in the best performance. The same leadership style may not work in a very dynamic environment. Fiedler looked at three situations that could define the condition of a managerial task: Leader member relations: Compatibility between the manager and the employees? The task structure: Is the job highly structured, fairly unstructured, or somewhere in between? Position power: How much authority does the manager possess? Managers were rated as to whether they were relationship oriented or task oriented. Task oriented managers tend to do better in situations that have good leader-member relationships, structured tasks, and either weak or strong position power. They do well when the task is unstructured but position power is strong. Also, they did well at the other end of the spectrum when the leader member relations were moderate to poor and the task was unstructured. Relationship oriented managers do better in all other situations. Thus, a given situation might call for a manager with a different style or a manager who could take on a different style for a different situation. Another aspect of the contingency model theory is that the leader-member relations, task structure, and position power dictate a leaders situational control. Leader-member relations are the amount of loyalty, dependability, and support that the leader receives from employees. It is a measure of how the manager perceives he or she and the group of employees are getting along together. In a favorable relationship the manager has a high task structure and is able to reward or punish employees without any problems. In an unfavorable relationship the task is usually unstructured and the leader possesses limited authority. Positioning power measures the amount of power or authority the manager perceives the organization has given him or her for the purpose of directing, rewarding, and punishing subordinates. Positioning power of managers depends on the taking away (favorable) or increasing (unfavorable) the decision-making power of employees. The task-motivated style leader experiences pride and satisfaction in the task accomplishment for the organization, while the relationship-motivated style seeks to build interpersonal relations and extend extra help for the team development in the organization. There is no good or bad leadership style. Each person has his or her own preferences for leadership. Task-motivated leaders are at their best when the group performs successfully such as achieving a new sales record or outperforming the major competitor. Relationship-oriented leaders are at their best when greater customer satisfaction is gained and a positive company image is established. Hersey-Blanchard Situational Leadership The Hersey-Blanchard Situational Leadership theory is based on the amount of direction (task behaviour) and amount of socio-emotional support (relationship behaviour) a leader must provide given the situation and the level of maturity of the followers. Task behaviour is the extent to which the leader engages in spelling out the duties and responsibilities to an individual or group. In task behaviour the leader engages in one-way communication. Relationship behaviour is the extent to which the leader engages in two-way or multi-way communications. This includes listening, facilitating, and supportive behaviours. In relationship behaviour the leader engages in two-way communication by providing socio-emotional support. Maturity is the willingness and ability of a person to take responsibility for directing his or her own behaviour. People tend to have varying degrees of maturity, depending on the specific task, function, or objective that a leader is attempting to accomplish through th eir efforts. To determine the appropriate leadership style to use in a given situation, the leader must first determine the maturity level of the followers in relation to the specific task that the leader is attempting to accomplish through the effort of the followers. As the level of followers maturity increases, the leader should begin to reduce his or her task behavior and increase relationship behaviour until the followers reach a moderate level of maturity. As the followers begin to move into an above average level of maturity, the leader should decrease not only task behaviour but also relationship behaviour. Houses Path-Goal Model The path-goal theory developed by Robert House is based on the expectancy theory of motivation. The managers job is viewed as coaching or guiding workers to choose the best paths for reaching their goals. Best is judged by the accompanying achievement of organizational goals. It is based on the precepts of goal setting theory and argues that leaders will have to engage in different types of leadership behavior depending on the nature and demands of the particular situation. It is the leaders job to assist followers in attaining goals and to provide direction and support needed to ensure that their goals are compatible with the organizations. A leaders behaviour is acceptable to subordinates when viewed as a source of satisfaction and motivational when need satisfaction is contingent on performance, and the leader facilitates, coaches and rewards effective performance. Path goal theory identifies achievement-oriented, directive, participative and supportive leadership styles. In achievement-oriented leadership, the leader sets challenging goals for followers, expects them to perform at their highest level, and shows confidence in their ability to meet this expectation. This style is appropriate when the follower suffers from lack of job challenge. In directive leadership, the leader lets followers know what is expected of them and tells them how to perform their tasks. This style is appropriate when the follower has an ambiguous job. Participative leadership involves leaders consulting with followers and asking for their suggestions before making a decision. This style is appropriate when the follower is using improper pr ocedures or is making poor decisions. In supportive leadership, the leader is friendly and approachable. He or she shows concern for followers psychological well being. This style is appropriate when the followers lack confidence. Path-Goal theory assumes that leaders are flexible and that they can change their style, as situations require. Effective leaders clarify the path to help their followers achieve their goals and make the journey easier by reducing roadblocks and pitfalls. Research demonstrates that employee performance and satisfaction are positively influenced when the leader compensates for the shortcomings in either the employee or the work setting. Leadership plays an important role in ones life. If one is a business owner he needs to be a leader in the field of your business. To be a successful leader, one must demonstrates some or all of the following characteristics: The ability to listen: Most leaders do too much talking but not enough listening. Feedbacks to a persons company services or products are important to that person as they demonstrate the customers needs. The ability to acknowledge and change: This is probably the hardest part to do. People often refuse to change. They believe their services or products are the best, which, theres nothing wrong with that. But when there are feedbacks coming from customers you have to listen, then acknowledge them and make changes to provide better customer service. The ability to form one-on-one relationships: People will need to be able to reach you. If you are just starting a business its especially important for you to be able to spend some time to get to know your customers, and/or employees. If you do that, over time, you will develop a strong trust between you and your customers. Successful people make sure they surround themselves with like-minded people. Im not saying millionaires should just ignore the poor. But you need to spend time to communicate with like-minded people. You cannot survive by yourself, and by interacting with others you can motivate others or give others a chance to motivate you. The ability to know yourself: It is very important to know what youre best at, and what your weaknesses are. A business is a team sport. Often one cannot handle all the aspects of a business and need to know when to seek for assistance. Successful people refuse to let other people dictate how they should do certain things. We are not living under someone elses shadow. We must take control and ownership of our lives and careers and never let go. The ability to communicate: Communication is really very important. Even if you are running a home online business and you use email as a communication channel. Down the road, you might want to do a video to promote your company. You might receive TV interviews. Its never too late to practice your presentation and communication skills. Successful people display high levels of optimism and confidence. They believe in themselves and they are not afraid of failures. They see every obstacle as a stepping-stone to their success. They turn challenges into motivators and become their advantages. People who are successful are the ones who are passionate at what they do. People who are successful are the ones who develop high levels of patience and dedication to see the results. http://ezinearticles.com/?Top-10-Characteristics-of-a-Successful-Leaderid=1552997 Characteristics of Successful and Effective Leadership It is not only inborn personality traits that are important but also styles and behaviours that a person learns. Strong autocratic leaders set their goals without considering the opinions of their followers, and then command their followers to execute their assigned tasks without question. Consultative leaders solicit the opinions and ideas of their followers in the goal-setting process but ultimately determine important goals and task assignments on their own. Democratic or participative leaders participate equally in the process with their followers and let the group make decisions. Extremely laid-back leaders, so called laissez-faire leaders, let the group take whatever action its members feel is necessary. A research team at the University of Michigan, inspired and led by Renis Likert, studied leadership for several years and identified two distinct styles, which they referred to as job-centered and employee-centered leadership styles. The job-centered leader closely supervises subordinates to make sure they perform their tasks following the specified procedures. This type of leader relies on reward, punishment, and legitimate power to influence the behaviour of followers. The employee-centered leader believes that creating a supportive work environment ultimately is the road to superior organizational performance. The employee-centered leader shows great concern about the employees emotional well-being, personal growth and development, and achievement. A leadership study group at Ohio State University, headed by Harris Fleishman, found similar contrasts in leadership style, which they referred to as initiating structure and consideration. The leadership style of initiating structure is similar to the job-centered leadership style, whereas consideration is similar to the employee-centered leadership style. It was the initial expectation of both research groups that a leader who could demonstrate both high initiating structure (job centered) and high consideration (employee centered) would be successful and effective in all circumstances. Many students of leadership today believe that there is no one best way to lead, believing instead that appropriate leadership styles vary depending on situations. Fred Fiedler (1967), for instance, believes that a task-oriented leadership style is appropriate when the situation is either extremely favorable or extremely unfavorable to the leader. A favorable situation exists when the relationship between the leader and followers is good, their tasks are well-defined, and the leader has strong power; when the opposite is true, an unfavorable situation exists. When the situation is moderately favorable, a people-oriented leadership style is appropriate. Some theorists suggest that situational factors—the type of task, nature of work groups, formal authority system, personality and maturity level of followers, experience, and ability of followers—are critical in determining the most effective leadership style. For instance, when followers are inexperienced and lack maturi ty and responsibility, the directive leadership style is effective; when followers are experienced and willing to take charge, supportive leadership is effective. (http://www.answers.com/topic/leadership) Experiment: Diffusion Coefficient of NaCl in water Experiment: Diffusion Coefficient of NaCl in water Introduction The purpose of this experiment is to determine the diffusion coefficient of NaCl in distilled water. Diffusion is an important property of many materials. Its importance is more significant than ever, where the transfer and distribution of materials is involved and quantitative values are needed to be determined. Results Measurement taken every 30 seconds, conductivity @ time 0 = 0.294mS Temperature ( °C) TIME (Minutes) Conductivity (S) Temperature ( °C) TIME (Minutes) Conductivity (S) 31.9 0.5 0.287 32 8 0.375 31.9 1 0.273 32 8.5 0.374 31.9 1.5 0.272 32.1 9 0.372 31.9 2 0.289 32.1 9.5 0.379 31.9 2.5 0.407 32.2 10 0.374 31.9 3 0.383 32.2 10.5 0.388 31.9 3.5 0.384 32.2 11 0.387 31.9 4 0.381 32.2 11.5 0.383 31.9 4.5 0.374 32.2 12 0.389 31.9 5 0.374 32.2 12.5 0.39 31.9 5.5 0.38 32.3 13 0.388 32 6 0.371 32.3 13.5 0.394 32 6.5 0.371 32.3 14 0.396 32 7 0.371 32.3 14.5 0.389 32 7.5 0.371 32.3 15 0.388 Temperature ( °C) TIME (Minutes) Conductivity (S) 32.4 16 0.41 32.4 17 0.418 32.5 18 0.42 32.5 19 0.432 32.6 20 0.441 32.6 21 0.446 32.7 22 0.447 32.7 23 0.449 32.7 24 0.447 32.8 25 0.445 32.8 26 0.456 32.9 27 0.465 32.9 28 0.467 33 29 0.467 33 30 0.463 Conductivity measurements taken every 1 minute. The results of the conductivity measured were then plotted against time on the following graph. The equation of a line is included as well as the coefficient of determination value. A trendline is fitted to the as a line of best fit as the data points are not exactly in linear form. Calculations Calculating the diffusivity of NaCl in water. The following equation will be used to calculate this, specifically it is the calculation of which is the diffusivity of A in B. ) dCa/dt is the diffusion coefficient and this value is the slope of conductivity Vs. time graph above. A = the area through which mass transfer occurs DAB = diffusion coefficient of A in B CA1 = the concentration of the saline solution inside the diffusion cell. CA2 = the concentration of salt in the bulk solution within the diffusion tank. Z = diffusion path length = 5 mm V= Diffusion tank volume The following calculation is of the total area of the pores in the diffusion cell where the NaCl will transfer into the water. A = Area of Diffusion Cell D = pore diameter = 1mm N = number of pores = 317  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A = 2.489 -10-4m2 Water was added to the diffusion tank to height of 170mm. This value along with the tanks cross sectional area (14.4 10-3 m2 were used to calculate the volume of the diffusion tank. Calculation of diffusion tank volume= 14.4 10-3 m2 0.170m = 2.448m3 3 values were chosen for the conductivity (concentration of salt in the water in the diffusion tank) from the graph for the calculation of DAB. 0.374 S/cm 0.410 S/cm 0.456 S/cm ) From the slope of the graph: A= 2.489 -10-4m2 mS mS Z = diffusion path length = 5 mm V= 2.448m3 Substituting each of the values into the above equation gives: Rearranging for :  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Average value of diffusivity of NaCl in water. Average Average = Questions To determine the accuracy of the measured value achieved in the experiment, a reference value is required. The reference value for the diffusivity of NaCl in water is 1.9910-9 m2/s   @ 37 °C.(1) Taking the temperatures of the 3 conductivity readings that were used in the calculation of   Ã‚   they were averaged to adjust against the reference value. 1. 0.374= 32.2 °C 2.0.410=32.4 °C 3. 0.456 =32.8 °C Average temp =32.5 °C Reference value temperature = 37 °C An approximate temperature coefficient value of 2%/ °C can be used to adjust the conductivity value of the measured value relative to the conductivity of the reference value. 2 4.5= 9 Adjusting the measured value to the same temperature of the reference value will give us = Adjusted Diffusivity Value Difference between 2 values = 1.675   10-6 A much higher rate of diffusion was achieved on this occasion compared the reference value of the rate of diffusion of NaCl in water. Discussion It is well known that a change in the temperature of a solution will result in the change of conductivity. An increase in temperature results in an increase in conductivity. The increase that is observed is as a result of a number of factors. Firstly, the increase in temperature can cause ionic compounds to split resulting in an increasing number of ions in the solution. So in this experiment the diffusivity of NaCl in H2O, the NaCl compound will break apart resulting in Na and Cl ions surrounded by H2O molecules. As the NaCl (in water it is classed as an electrolyte) dissolves (diffuses) charged ions (Na and Cl) are formed that can carry charge. Secondly, the increasing temperature of a solution can result in a lower viscosity. This in turn increases ion mobility throughout the H2O, which further increases the ability of the ions to carry the charge throughout the solution and therefore increases conductivity. These two factors highlight the significance that temperature plays in the diffusivity of a compound in a solution. Not including the variation of temperature would certainly have affected the final value. The conductivity of the stock solution was given as 189.6 mS at 22 °C. This value wasnt adjusted to a more accurate temperature at which the experiment was performed at which was approximately between 32-33 °C. The measured value from the calculation of may not be completely accurate. The majority of substances that dissolve in a solvent such as NaCl in water already have diffusion coefficients predetermined which allows one to compare the accuracy of the measurement against. Diffusion coefficients are measured at specific temperatures because of the fact that there value is temperature dependent. If the experiment was not carried out at the reference diffusion coefficients temperature then a temperature compensation method may be used, which was the case in this experiment, where the measured value was adjusted to the reference value. Compensation methods include both linear and non-linear methods to adjust the conductivity value attained with a %/ °C value. However these methods are not completely accurate and it is preferable that a conductivity measurement be taken at the same temperature as the reference value. This is particularly true where highly accurate measurements are required. In this experiment no variation in temperature was assumed. To incorporate a variation in temperature one could use a temperature compensation method but as Ive mentioned this isnt entirely accurate. These factors are only likely to have relatively minor inaccuracies. Comparing the two values there are several orders of magnitude of a difference. Several factors have influenced this including errors in the actual apparatus for measuring the conductivity in the diffusion cell as well as the errors that occurred during the experiment. It can be seen from the early measurements of conductivity that something went wrong with one or more of the apparatuses as erroneous results were produced.   From the 4th to the 5th measurement there is a large jump in conductivity. This large sudden variation in conductivity was caused by an air bubble blocking the conductivity meter. The air bubble present in the diffusion cell gave the false conductivity measurement. This resulted in an outlier in the conductivity versus time graph. A trendline was fitted to the graph to allow the slope to be calculated as the outliers present result in a non-linear graph. Despite this trendline this large variation certainly affected the final measured value. From the point of view of the apparatus it does certainly have some limitations.   The heating element is at one end of the device and so it doesnt give a consistent dispersion throughout the tank as the side of the tank nearest the element would be of a slightly higher temperature than the rest of the tank. It is difficult to say how much this would affect the diffusivity but it is something to consider. Conclusion A quantitative value for the diffusivity of NaCl in water was determined. The calculated measured value attained was compared against a reference value and a large discrepancy was observed between the two values. The reasons for the discrepancy from an experimental and theoretical point of view have being outlined in the discussion. References: Barron, J. and Ashton, C. (2008) The Effect of Temperature on Conductivity Measurement, County Clare, Ireland. Lide, D.R. and Staff, L.D.R. (2007) CRC handbook of chemistry and physics, 88th edition (Crc handbook of chemistry and physics). 88th edn. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.